Music and Health

  1. Playing Musical Instruments
  2. Voice Health
  3. Auditory Abilities
  4. Prenate, Infant, and Early Childhood Development
  5. The Enhancement and Constraint of the Self-Expressive Arts and of Human Health

I. Playing Musical Instruments

Anderson, R. (2003). Stretching. Bolinas, CA: Shelter Publications.

Brandfonbrener, A.G. (1986). An overview of the medical problems of musicians. Journal of the American College of Health, 34, 165-169.

Brandfonbrener, A. (2004). Healthier music students: Can medicine and music students prescribe in concert? Medical Problems of Performing Artists, 19(1), 1-2.

Bruser, M. (1997). The Art of Practicing: A Guide to Making Music from the Heart. New York: Bell Tower Books.

Culf, N. (1998). Musicians’ Injuries: A Guide to Their Understanding and Prevention. Guildford, United Kingdom: Parapress Ltd.

Dawson, W.J. (2001). Upper-extremity difficulties in the dedicated amateur instrumentalist. Medical Problems of Performing Artists, 16(4), 152-156.

Dawson, W.J. (2002). Upper-extremity problems caused by specific instruments. Medical Problems of Performing Artists, 17(3), 135-140.

Duvall, K., & Hinkamp, D. (Eds.) (2001). Occupational Medicine, State of the Art Reviews: Health Hazards in the Arts (Vol. 16, No. 4). Philadelphia: Hanley & Belfus.

Engquist, K., Ørbaek, P., & Jakobsson, K. (2004). Musculoskeletal pain and impact on performance in orcvhestra musicians and actors. Medical Problems of Performing Artists, 19(2), 55-61.

Fjellman-Wicklund, A., Bruhn, C., & Sundelin, G. (2003). Physical and psychosocial work-related risk factors associated with neck-shoulder discomfort in male and female music teachers. Medical Problems of Performing Artists, 18(1), 33-41.

Freymuth, M. (1999). Mental Practice and Imagery for Musicians: A Practical Guide for Optimizing Practice Time, Enhancing Performance, and Preventing Injury. Boulder, CO: Integrated Musician’s Press.

Gallagher, S.P. (Ed.) (1997). Physical Therapy for the Performing Artist, Part II: Music and Dance. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders.

Green, B., & Gallwey, T. (1986). The Inner Game of Music. New York: Doubleday.

Hildebrandt, H., & Nübling, M. (2004). Providing further training in musicophysiology to instrumental teachers: Do their professional and preprofessional students derive any benefit? Medical Problems of Performing Artists, 19(2), 62-69.

Horvath, J. (2001). An orchestra musician’s perspective on 20 years of performing arts medicine. Medical Problems of Performing Artists, 16(3), 102-108.

Horvath, J. (2002). Playing (less) Hurt: An Injury Prevention Guide for Musicians. Minneapolis, MN: Self-published by author www.playinglesshurt.com.

Horvath, K. (2003). Muscleship: The overlooked foundational element of stringed instrument performance technique. American String Teacher, August, 68-73.

Hughlett, D. (1984). Understanding Drum Techniques. Oconomowoc, WI: RB Percussion.

Klickstein, G. (2003). Seven habits for healthy performance: A practical approach to injury prevention. American String Teacher, May, 48-55.

Kohut, D.L., & Cashman, T. (1996). Instrumental Music Pedagogy: Teaching Techniques for School Band and Orchestra Directors. Champaign, IL: Stipes Publishing.

Lederman, R.J. (2001). Embouchure problems in brass instrumentalists. Medical Problems of Performing Artists, 16(2), 53-57.

Lieberman, J.L. (1991). You Are Your Instrument. New York: Huiksi Music.

Meinke, W.B. (2004). A portrait of arts medicine as a young discipline. Medical Problems of Performing Artists, 19(2), 51-53.

Miller, G., Peck, F., & Watson, J.S. (2002). Pain disorders and variations of upper limb morphology in music students. Medical Problems of Performing Artists, 17(4), 169-172.

Norris, R. (1993). The Musician’s Survival Manual: A Guide for Preventing and Treating Injuries in Instrumentalists. St. Louis, MO: MMB Music.

Paull, B., & Harrison, C. (1997). The Athletic Musician: A Guide to Playing without Pain. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press.

Quilter, D. (1998). The Repetitive Strain Injury Book. New York: Walker.

Rigg, J.L., Marriman, R., & Thomas, M.A. (2003). Playing-related injury in guitarists playing popular music. Medical Problems of Performing Artists, 18(4), 150-152.

Raeburn, S.D. Hipple, J., Delaney, W., & Chesky, K. (2003). Surveying popular musicians’ health status using convenience samples. Medical Problems of Performing Artists, 18(3), 113-119.

Redmond, M., Tiernan, A.M. (2001). Knowledge and practice of piano teachers in preventing playing-related injuries in high school students. Medical Problems of Performing Artists, 16(1), 32-38.

Sakai, N. (2002). Hand pain attributed to overuse among professional pianists: A study of 200 cases. Medical Problems of Performing Artists, 17(4), 178-182.

Sataloff, R.T., Brandfonbrenner, A., & Lederman, R. (Eds.) (1997). Performing Arts Medicine (2nd Ed.). San Diego, CA: Singular Publishing.

Sazer, V. (1995). New Directions in Cello Playing: How to Make Cello Playing Easier and Play without Pain. Los Angeles: Ofnote.

Spahn, C., Struckely, S., & Lehmann, A. (2004). Health conditions, attitudes toward study, and attitudes toward health at the beginning of university study: Music students in comparison with other student populations. Medical Problems of Performing Artists, 19(1), 26-33.

Tubiana, R. (2003). Prolonged neuromuscular rehabilitation for musician’s focal dystonia. Medical Problems of Performing Artists, 18(4), 166-169.

Tubiana, R., & Camadio, P. (Eds.) (2000). Medical Problems of the Instrumentalist Musician. London: Martin Dunitz.

Warrington, J., Winspur, I., & Steinwede, D. (2002). Upper-extremity problems in musicians related to age. Medical Problems of Performing Artists, 17(3), 131-134.

Weiss, S.L. (1996). The Anatomy Book for Musicians: A Guide to Understanding Performance Related Muscle Pain. Glenview, IL: Muscle Dynamics.

Winspur, I., & Parry, C.W. (1998). The Musician’s Hand: A Clinical Guide. London: Martin and Dunitz.

Winspur, I., & Tubiana, R. (Eds.) (2003). Hand Clinics: The Musician’s Hand (Vol. 19, No. 2). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders.

II. Voice Health

Speaking and Singing

Bastian, RW (1988). Factors leading to successful evaluation and management of patients with voice disorders. Ear, Nose and Throat Journal, 67, 411-420.

Bastian, RW, Keidar, A. & Verdolini-Marston, K. (1990). Simple vocal tasks for detecting vocal swelling. Journal of Voice, 4(2), 172-183.

Bastian, R., Klitzke, C., & Thurman, L. (2000). Vocal fold and laryngeal surgery. In L. Thurman & G. Welch, Eds., Bodymind and Voice: Foundations of Voice Education (Rev. Ed., pp. 620-631). Denver, CO: National Center for Voice and Speech [www.ncvs.org, click on “Library”, then “Publications”].

Bastian, R., Thurman, L., & Klitzke, C. (2000). Limitations to vocal ability from use-related injury or atrophy. In L. Thurman & G. Welch, Eds., Bodymind and Voice: Foundations of Voice Education (Rev. Ed., pp. 527-537). Denver, CO: National Center for Voice and Speech [www.ncvs.org, click on “Library”, then “Publications”].

Benninger, M.S. (1994). Medical disorders in the vocal artist. In M.S. Benninger, B.H. Jacobson, A.F. Johnson (Eds.), Vocal Arts Medicine: The Care and Prevention of Professional Voice Disorders (pp. 177-215). New York: Thieme Medical Publishers.

Benninger, M.S., & Novelly, N. (1993). Voice disorders in children. In J.T. Johnson, C.S. Derkay, M.K. Mandell-Brown, & R.K. Newman (Eds.), Instructional Courses: American Academy of Otololaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery (pp. 109-120). St. Louis: Mosby – Year Book.

Benninger, M.S., Jacobson, B.H., & Johnson, A.F. (Eds.) (1994). Vocal Arts Medicine: The Care and Prevention of Professional Voice Disorders. New York: Thieme Medical Publishers.

Bernstorf, E. (1993). Specific personal and environmental factors as predictors of vocal integrity in elementary vocal music teachers. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Wichita State University.

Boone, D.R., & McFarlane, S.C. (2000). The Voice and Voice Therapy (6th Ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.

Brown, O.L. (1996). Discover Your Voice: How to Develop Healthy Voice Habits. San Diego: Singular.

Brown, W.S., & Holbrook, A. (1986). Vocal stress in relation to total phonation time and loud phonation time during vocal performance. In V.L. Lawrence (Ed.), Transcript of the Fourteenth Symposium: Care of the Professional Voice. Philadelphia: The Voice Foundation.

Campbell, S.L., Reich, A.R., Klockars, A.J., & McHenry, M.A. (1988). Factors associated with dysphonia in high school cheerleaders. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 53, 178-185.

Chan, R.W.K. (1994). Does the voice improve with vocal hygeine education? A study of some instrumental voice measures in a group of kindergarten teachers. Journal of Voice, 8(3), 279-291.

Chan, R.W., & Titze, I.R. (1998). Viscosities of implantable biomaterials in vocal fold augmentation surgery. Laryngoscope, 108, 725-731. [vocal fold shear stress and shear strain]

Colton, R.H., & Casper, J.K. (1990). Understanding Voice Problems: A Physiological Perspective for Diagnosis and Treatment. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.

Cummings, J., Benson, D., Houlihan, J., & Gosenfield, L. (1983). Mutism: Loss of neocortical and limbic vocalization. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disorders, 171, 255-259.

Filter, M.D., & Poynor, R.E. (1982). A descriptive study of children with chronic hoarseness. Journal of Communication Disorders, 15, 561-467.

Gandevia, S.C., Enoka, R.M., McComas, A.J., Stuart, D.G., & Thomas, C.K. (Eds.) (1995). Fatigue: Neural and Muscular Mechanisms. New York: Plenum.

Greene, M.C.L. & Mathieson, L. (1989). The Voice and Its Disorders (5th Ed.). London: Whurr Publishers.

Hammarberg, B., & Gauffin, J. (1996). Perceptual and acoustic characteristics of quality differences in pathological voices related to physiological aspects. In O. Fujimura & M. Hirano (Eds.), Vocal Fold Physiology: Voice Quality Control (pp. 127-145). San Diego: Singular.

Hogikyan, N., Feakes, D., Thurman, L., & Grambsch, E. (2000). How vocal abilities can be limited by diseases and disorders of the auditory system. In L. Thurman & G. Welch, Eds., Bodymind and Voice: Foundations of Voice Education (Rev. Ed., pp. 564-572). Denver, CO: National Center for Voice and Speech [www.ncvs.org, click on “Library”, then “Publications”].

Hogikyan, N., Thurman, L., & Klitzke, C. (2000). Diagnosis and medical treatment of diseases and disorders that affect voice. In L. Thurman & G. Welch, Eds., Bodymind and Voice: Foundations of Voice Education (Rev. Ed., pp. 598-612). Denver, CO: National Center for Voice and Speech [www.ncvs.org, click on “Library”, then “Publications”].

Hogikyan, N., Thurman, L., & Klitzke, C. (2000). How vocal abilities can be limited by anatomical abnormalities and bodily injuries. In L. Thurman & G. Welch, Eds., Bodymind and Voice: Foundations of Voice Education (Rev. Ed., pp. 582-585). Denver, CO: National Center for Voice and Speech [www.ncvs.org, click on “Library”, then “Publications”].

Hogikyan, N., Thurman, L., & Klitzke, C. (2000). How vocal abilities can be limited by diseases and disorders of the central nervous and musculoskeletal systems. In L. Thurman & G. Welch, Eds., Bodymind and Voice: Foundations of Voice Education (Rev. Ed., pp. 573-581). Denver, CO: National Center for Voice and Speech [www.ncvs.org, click on “Library”, then “Publications”].

Hogikyan, N., Thurman, L., & Klitzke, C. (2000). How vocal abilities can be limited by non-infectious diseases and disorders of the respiratory and digestive systems. In L. Thurman & G. Welch, Eds., Bodymind and Voice: Foundations of Voice Education (Rev. Ed., pp. 546-555). Denver, CO: National Center for Voice and Speech [www.ncvs.org, click on “Library”, then “Publications”].

Hogikyan, N., Klitzke, C., & Thurman, L., (2000). Medications and the voice. In L. Thurman & G. Welch, Eds., Bodymind and Voice: Foundations of Voice Education (Rev. Ed., pp. 613-619). Denver, CO: National Center for Voice and Speech [www.ncvs.org, click on “Library”, then “Publications”].

Howard, D.M., & Lindsey, G.A. (1987). New laryngograms of the singing voice. Proceedings of the 11th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences. USSR: Tallin, 5, 166-169.

Howard, D.M., & Collingsworth, J. (1992). Voice source and acoustic measures in singing. Acoustics Bulletin, 17(4), 5-12.

Jiang, J.J., Shah, A.G., Hess, M.M., Verdolini, K., Banzali, F.M., & Hanson, D.G. (2001). Vocal fold impact stress analysis. Journal of Voice, 15(1), 4-14.

Jiang, J., & Titze, I. (1992). Measurement of vocal fold intraglottal pressure and impact stress. Journal of Voice, 8(2), 132-144.

Johnson, A.F. (1994). Disorders of speaking in the professional voice user. In M.S. Benninger,

B.H. Jacobson, & A.F. Johnson. Vocal Arts Medicine: The Care and Prevention of Professional Voice Disorders (pp. 153-162). New York: Thieme Medical Publishers.

Kent, R.D. & Forner, L.L. (1979). Developmental study of vowel formant frequencies in an imitative task. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 65(1), 208-217.

Klingholtz, F. (1987). The measurement of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in continuous speech. Speech Communication, 6, 15-26.

Ladefoged, P., Harshman, R., Goldstein, L, & Rice, L. (1978). Generating vocal tract shapes from formant frequencies. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 64(4), 1027-1035.

Laver, J., Hiller, S., & MacKenzie Beck, J. (1992). Acoustic waveform perturbations and voice disorders. Journal of Voice, 6(2), 115-126.

Levine, H.L. (1994). Disorders of singing. In M.S. Benninger, B.H. Jacobson, & A.F. Johnson. Vocal Arts Medicine: The Care and Prevention of Professional Voice Disorders (pp. 163-168). New York: Thieme Medical Publishers.

Lieberman, P. (1961). Perturbations in vocal pitch. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 33, 597-603.

Linville, S.E. (1995). Changes in glottal configuration in women after loud talking. Journal of Voice, 9(1), 57-65.

Ludlow, C.L., Coulter, D.C., & Bassich, C.J. (1982). Relationships between vocal jitter, age, sex and smoking. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, S1 71, Z1.

Mathieson, L. (1993). Vocal tract discomfort in hyperfunctional dysphonia. VOICE, The Journal of the British Voice Association, 2(1), 40-48.

Milutinovic, Z., & Vasiljevic, J. (1992). Contribution to the understanding of vocal fold cysts: A functional and histologic study. Laryngoscope, 102, 568-571.

Ohlsson, A-C. (1993). Preventive voice care for teachers. VOICE, The Journal of the British Voice Association, 2(2), 112-115.

Orlikoff, R.F., & Baken, R.J. (1990). Consideration of the relationship between the fundamental frequency of phonation and vocal jitter. Folia Phoniatrica, 42, 31-40.

Orlikoff, R.F., & Kahane, J.C. (1991). Influence of mean sound pressure level on jitter and shimmer measures. Journal of Voice, 5(2), 113-119.

Paparella, M., & Shumrick, D. (Eds.). (1980). Otolaryngology (Vol. III: Head and Neck, Section Four, Chapters 30 through 38). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders.

Pontes, P., & Behlau, M. (1993). Treatment of sulcus vocalis: Auditory, perceptual and acoustical analysis of the slicing mucosa surgical technique. Journal of Voice, 7(4), 365-376.

Rubin, J., Sataloff, R.T., & Korovin, G. (2003). Diagnosis and Treatment of Voice Disorders (2nd Ed.). Albany, NY: Delmar Learning.

Sataloff, R.T. (Ed.) (1997). Professional Voice: The Science and Art of Clinical Care (2nd Ed.). San Diego, CA: Singular.

Scherer, U., Helfrich, H., & Scherer, K.R. (1980). Paralinguistic behavior: Internal push or external pull? In H. Giles, W.P. Robinson, & P.M. Smith (Eds.), Language: Social Psychological Perspectives (pp. 279-282). Oxford, United Kingdom: Pergamon.

Stemple, J.C., Glaze, L., & Gerdeman, B.K. (2000). Clinical Voice Pathology: Theory and Management (3rd Ed.). San Diego, CA: Singular.

Stone, R.E., & Sharf, D.J. (1973). Vocal change associated with the use of atypical pitch and intensity levels. Folia Phoniatrica, 25, 91-103.

Stringer, S.P., & Schaefer, S.D. (1991). Disorders of laryngeal function. In Paparella, M.M., Shumrick, D.A., Gluckman, J.L., & Meyerhoff, W.L. (Eds.), Otolaryngology (Vol. III: Head and Neck, pp. 2257-2272). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders.

Ternström, S. (1993). Long-time average spectrum characteristics of different choirs in different rooms. VOICE, The Journal of the British Voice Association, 2(2), 55-77.

Thurman, L., Emanuele, M.A., & Klitzke, C. (2000). How vocal abilities can be limited by endocrine system diseases and disorders. In L. Thurman & G. Welch, Eds., Bodymind and Voice: Foundations of Voice Education (Rev. Ed., pp. 556-563). Denver, CO: National Center for Voice and Speech [www.ncvs.org, click on “Library”, then “Publications”].

Thurman, L., Tobin, M.C., & Klitzke, C. (2000). How vocal abilities can be limited by immune system reactions to “invaders”. In L. Thurman & G. Welch, Eds., Bodymind and Voice: Foundations of Voice Education (Rev. Ed., pp. 538-545). Denver, CO: National Center for Voice and Speech [www.ncvs.org, click on “Library”, then “Publications”].

Thurman, L., & Welch, G. (2000). Bodymind and Voice: Foundations of Voice Education (Rev. Ed.). Denver, CO: National Center for Voice and Speech, The VoiceCare Network, Fairview Voice Center.

Titze, I.R. (1994). Mechanical stress in phonation. Journal of Voice, 8(2), 99-105.

Titze, I.R. (2000). Fluctuations and perturbations in vocal output. In I.R. Titze, Principles of Voice Production (pp. 311-344). Denver, CO: National Center for Voice and Speech.

Titze, I.R. (2000). Principles of Voice Production. Denver, CO: National Center for Voice and Speech.

Titze, I.R. (2000). Voice disorders. In I.R. Titze, Principles of Voice Production (pp. 345-372). Denver, CO:: National Center for Voice and Speech.

Tonkinson, S. (1994). The Lombard effect in choral singing. Journal of Voice, 8(1), 24-29.

Wilson, K. (1987). Voice Problems of Children (2nd Ed.). Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins.

Yumoto, E., Gould, W.J., & Baer, T. (1982). The harmonics-to-noise ratio as an index of the degree of hoarseness. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 71, 1544-1550.

Zagoruiko, N.G., & Tambovtsev, Y. (1982). Aspects of human performance in an intensive speech task. International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 16, 173-181.

Occupational and Avocational Voice Injuries of Concern to Music Educators

Andrews, M.L., & Shank, K. (1983). Some observations concerning the cheering behavior of school-girl cheerleaders. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 15, 37-43.

Bernstorf, E. (1993). Specific personal and environmental factors as predictors of vocal integrity in elementary vocal music teachers. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Wichita State University.

Bistritsky, Y., & Frank, Y. (1981). Efficacy of voice and speech training of prospective elementary school teachers. Israeli Journal of Speech and Hearing, 10, 16-32.

Calas, M., Verhuist, J., Lecoq, M., Dalleas, B., & Seilhean, M. (1989). Vocal pathology of teachers. Review of Laryngology, 110, 397-406.

Comins, R. (1992b). Keeping teachers in good voice. Human Communications, August, 8-10.

Fritzell, B. (1996). Voice disorders and occupations. Logopedics Phoniatrics Vocology, 21, 7-12.

Gotaas, C., & Starr, C.D. (1993). Vocal fatigue among teachers. Folia Phoniatrica, 45, 120-129.

Jónsdottir, V.I. (2002). Cordless amplifying systems in classrooms: Descriptive study of teachers’ and students’ opinions. Logopedics Phoniatrics Vocology, 27, 29-36.

Jónsdottir, V.I., Laukkanen, A.-M., & Vilkman, E. (2002). Changes in teachers’ speech during a working day with and without electric sound amplification. Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica, 54, 282-287.

Jónsdottir, V.I., Rantala, L., Laukkanen, A.-M., & Vilkman, E. (2001). Effects of sound amplification on teachers’ speech while teaching. Logopedics Phoniatrics Vocology, 26, 118-123.

Kahn, N.B. (1987). Disabled vocal cords: An occupational hazard. Principal, 66, 38.

Kaufman, T.T., & Johnson, T.S. (1991). An exemplary preventative voice program for teachers. Seminars in Speech and Language, 12, 41-47.

Lee, L., Pennington, E., Stemple, J.C. (1998). Leading roles in a high school musical: Effects on objective and subjective measures of voice production. Medical Problems of Performing Artists, 13(4), 167-171.

Mattiske, J.A., Oates, J.M., & Greenwood, K.M. (1998). Vocal problems among teachers: A review of prevalence, causes, prevention, and treatment. Journal of Voice, 12, 489-499.

Miller, M.K., & Verdolini, K. (1995). Frequency and risk factors for voice problems in teachers of singing and control subjects. Journal of Voice, 9, 348-362.

Rantala, L., Vilkman, E., & Bloigu (2002). Voice changes during work: Subjective complaints and objective measurements for female primary and secondary schoolteachers. Journal of Voice, 16(3), 344-355.

Reich, A., McHenry, M., & Keaton, A. 1986). A survey of dysphonic episodes in high-school cheerleaders. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 17, 63-71.

Roy, N., Weinrich, B., Gray, S.D., Tanner, K., Toledo, S.W., Dove, H., Corbin-Lewis, K., & Stemple, J. (2002). Voice amplification versus vocal hygiene instruction for teachers with voice disorders: A treatment outcomes study. Journal of Speech-Language and Hearing Research, 45, 625-638.

Russell, A., Oates, J.M., & Greenwood, K.M. (1998). Prevalence of voice problems in teachers. Journal of Voice, 12, 467-479.

Russell, D.W., Altmaier, E., & Van Velzen, D. (1987). Job-related stress, social support, and burnout among classroom teachers. Journal of Applied Psychology, 72, 269-274.

Sapir, S. (1993). Vocal attrition in voice students: Survey findings. Journal of Voice, 7, 69-74.

Sapir, S., Keidar, A., & Mathers-Schmidt, B. (1993). Vocal attrition in teachers: Survey findings. European Journal of Disorders of Communications, 28, 177-185.

Smith, E., Verdolini, K., Gray, S.D., et al. (1996). Effect of voice disorder on quality of life. Journal of Medical Speech-Language Pathology, 4, 223-244.

Smith, E., Gray, S.D., Dove, H., Kirchner, L., & Heras, H. (1997). Frequency and effects of teachers’ voice problems. Journal of Voice, 11, 81-87.

Smith, E., Kirchner, H.L., Taylor, M., Hoffman, H., & Lemke, J.H. (1998). Voice problems among teachers: Differences by gender and teaching characteristics. Journal of Voice, 12, 328-334.

Smith, E., Lemke, J.H., Taylor, M., Kirchner, H.L., & Hoffman, H. (1998). Frequency of voice problems among teachers and other occupations. Journal of Voice, 12, 480-488.

Thurman, L., & Klitzke, C.A. (1994). Voice education and health care for young voices. In M.S. Benninger, B.H. Jacobson, A.F. Johnson (Eds.), Vocal Arts Medicine: The Care and Prevention of Professional Voice Disorders (pp. 226-268). New York: Thieme Medical Publishers.

Thurman, L., & Klitzke, C. (1994). Dealing with vocal distress on the day of a concert. Choral Journal, 35(5), 29-33.

Titze, I.R., Lemke, J., Montequin, D. (1997). Populations in the U.S. workforce who rely on voice as a primary tool of trade: A preliminary report. Journal of Voice, 11, 254-259.

Tuettemann, E., & Punch, K.F. (1992). Teachers’ psychological distress: The ameliorating effects of control over the work environment. Educational Review, 44, 181, 194.

Vilkman, E. (1996). Occupational risk factors and voice disorders. Logopedics, Phoniatrics, Vocology, 21, 137-141.

Vilkman, E. (2000). Voice problems at work: A challenge for occupational safety and health arrangement. Folia Phoniatrica Logopedics, 52(1-3), 120-125.

Verdolini, K., & Ramig, L.O. (2001). Review: Occupational risks for voice problems. Logopedics Phoniatrics Vocology, 26(1), 37-46.

Care for and Prevention of Voice Disorders and Diseases that Affect Voice

Andrews, M.L. (1994). Manual of Voice Treatment: Pediatrics to Geriatrics. San Diego: Singular.

Aronson, A. (1990). Clinical Voice Disorders (3rd Ed.). New York: Thieme.

Benninger, M.S. (1994). Medical disorders in the vocal artist. In M.S. Benninger, B.H. Jacobson, A.F. Johnson (Eds.), Vocal Arts Medicine: The Care and Prevention of Professional Voice Disorders (pp. 177-215). New York: Thieme Medical Publishers.

Benninger, M.S., Jacobson, B.H., & Johnson, A.F. (Eds.) (1994). Vocal Arts Medicine: The Care and Prevention of Professional Voice Disorders. New York: Thieme Medical Publishers.

Bistritsky, Y., & Frank, Y. (1981). Efficacy of voice and speech training of prospective elementary school teachers. Israeli Journal of Speech and Hearing, 10, 16-32.

Burzynski, C.M., & Titze, I.R. (1985). Assessment of vocal endurance in untrained singers. In V.L. Lawrence (Ed.), Transcripts of the Fourteenth Symposium: Care of the Professional Voice. New York: The Voice Foundation.

Comins, R. (1992a). Voice in the curriculum. Voice, 1, 67-73.

Comins, R. (1992b). Keeping teachers in good voice. Human Communications, August, 8-10.

Kaufman, T.T., & Johnson, T.S. (1991). An exemplary preventative voice program for teachers. Seminars in Speech and Language, 12, 41-47.

Lawrence, V. (2000). Sermon on hydration (or, “the evils of dry”). In L. Thurman & G. Welch, Eds., Bodymind and Voice: Foundations of Voice Education (Rev. Ed., pp. 632-636). Denver, CO: National Center for Voice and Speech [www.ncvs.org, click on “Library”, then “Publications”].

Roy, N., Weinrich, B., Gray, S.D., Tanner, K., Toledo, S.W., Dove, H., Corbin-Lewis, K., & Stemple, J. (2002). Voice amplification versus vocal hygiene instruction for teachers with voice disorders: A treatment outcomes study. Journal of Speech-Language and Hearing Research, 45, 625-638.

Stemple, J.C., Glaze, L.E., & Gerdeman, B.K. (1995). Clinical Voice Pathology: Theory and Management. San Diego: Singular.

Thurman, L., & Klitzke, C.A. (1994). Voice education and health care for young voices. In M.S. Benninger, B.H. Jacobson, A.F. Johnson (Eds.), Vocal Arts Medicine: The Care and Prevention of Professional Voice Disorders (pp. 226-268). New York: Thieme Medical Publishers.

Thurman, L., & Klitzke, C. (1994). Dealing with vocal distress on the day of a concert. Choral Journal, 35(5), 29-33.

Thurman, L., & Klitzke, C. (2000). How vocal abilities can be enhanced by nutrition and body movement. In L. Thurman & G. Welch, Eds., Bodymind and Voice: Foundations of Voice Education (Rev. Ed., pp. 637-645). Denver, CO: National Center for Voice and Speech [www.ncvs.org, click on “Library”, then “Publications”].

Thurman, L., & Klitzke, C. (2000). Learning speaking skills that are expressive and vocally efficient. In L. Thurman & G. Welch, Eds., Bodymind and Voice: Foundations of Voice Education (Rev. Ed., Vol. 3, Bk. V, pp. 765-771). Denver, CO: National Center for Voice and Speech [www.ncvs.org, click on “Library”, then “Publications”].

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Male Adolescent Voice Transformation

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Cooksey, J.M., Beckett, R.L., & Wiseman, R. (1984). A longitudinal investigation of selected vocal, physiological, and acoustical factors associated with voice maturation in the junior high school male adolescent. In E.M. Runfola (Ed.), Proceedings: Research Symposium on the Male Adolescent Voice (pp. 4-60). Buffalo, NY: State University of New York at Buffalo Press.

Cooksey, J.M., Beckett, R.L., & Wiseman, R. (1985). A longitudinal investigation of selected vocal, physiological, and acoustical factors associated with voice maturation in the junior high school male adolescent. Unpublished research report, California State University at Fullerton.

Cooksey, J., & Welch, G.F. (1998). Adolescence, singing development and National Curricula Design. British Journal of Music Education, 15(1), in press.

Cooksey, J. (2000). Voice transformation in male adolescents. In L. Thurman & G. Welch, Eds., Bodymind and Voice: Foundations of Voice Education (Rev. Ed., Vol. 3, Bk. IV, pp. 718-738). Denver, CO: National Center for Voice and Speech. [www.ncvs.org, click on “Library”, then “Publications”]

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Frank, F., & Sparber, M. (1970b). Die Premutationsstimme die Mutationsstimme und die Postmutationsstimme in Sonagramm (The premutation voice, mutation voice, and the postmutation voice in the sonogram). Folia Phoniatrica, 22, 425-433.

Friesen, J.H. (1972). Vocal mutation in the adolescent male: Its chronology and a comparison with fluctuations in musical interest. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Oregon.

Groom, M. (1984). A descriptive analysis of development in adolescent male voices during the summer time period. In E.M. Runfola (Ed.), Proceedings: Research Symposium on the Male Adolescent Voice (pp. 80-85). Buffalo, NY: State University of New York at Buffalo Press.

Grumbach, M.M., Sizonenko, P.C., & Aubert, M.L. (Eds.) (1990). Control of the Onset of Puberty. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.

Grumbach, M.M., & Styne, D.M. (1992). Puberty: Ontogeny, neuroendocrinology, physiology, and disorders. In Wilson, J.D., & Foster, D.W. (Eds.), Williams Textbook of Endocrinology (8th Ed., pp. 1139-1221). Philadelphia: W.B.Saunders.

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Hirano, M., Kurita, S., & Nasashima, T. (1981b). Growth, development and aging of human vocal folds. In D.M. Bless & J.H. Abbs (Eds), Vocal Fold Physiology: Contemporary Research and Clinical Issues. San Diego: College-Hill Press.

Hollien, H. (1960). Vocal pitch variation related to changes in vocal fold length. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 3, 150-156.

Hollien, H. (1978). Adolescence and voice change. In B. Weinberg, and V.L. Lawrence (Eds.), Transcripts of the Seventh Symposium, Care of the Professional Voice: Part II, Lifespan Changes in the Human Voice (pp. 36-43). New York: The Voice Foundation.

Hollien, H., & Moore, G.P. (1960). Measurements of the vocal folds during changes in pitch. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 3, 157-165.

Hollien, H., & Malcik, E. (1967). Evaluation of cross-section studies of adolescent voice change in males. Speech Monographs, 34, 80-84.

Joseph, W. (1969). Vocal growth measurements in male adolescents. Journal of Research in Music Education, 17, 423-426.

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Kahane, J.C. (1978). A morphological study of the human prepubertal and pubertal larynx. American Journal of Anatomy, 151(1), 11-19.

Lee, P.A. (1980). Normal ages of pubertal events among American males and females. Journal of Adolescent Health Care, 1, 26-29.

Lee, P.A., & Migeon, C.J. (1975). Puberty in boys: Correlation of serum levels of gonadotropins (LH, FSH), androgens (testosterone, androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone, and its sulfate) estrogens (estrone and estrodiol) and progestins ( progesterone, 17-hydroxy-progesterone). Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 41, 556-562.

London County Council Schools (1933). The broken voice. Memoranda on curriculum for senior schools: No. VI, on music. London.

Marshall, W.A., & Tanner, J.M. (1970). Variations in the pattern of pubertal changes in boys. Archives of Diseases in Children, 45, 13-23.

Marshall, W.A., & Tanner, J.M. (1986). Puberty. In Faulkner, F., & Tanner, J.M. (Eds.), Human Growth (2nd Ed., Vol. 2, pp. 171-209). New York: Plenum.

Martha, P.M., Rogol, A.D., & Veldhuis, J.D. (1989). Alterations in the pulsatile properties of circulating growth hormone concentrations during puberty in boys. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 69, 563-570.

Naidr, J., Zboril, M., & Sevcik, K. (1965). Die pubertalen Veranderungen der Stimme bei Jungen im verlauf von 5 Jahren (Pubertal voice changes in boys over a period of 5 years). Folia Phoniatrica, 17, 1-18.

O’Dell, W.D. (1995). Endocrinology of sexual maturation. In DeGroot, L., et al., Endocrinology (3rd Ed., Vol. 2, pp. 1938-1952). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders.

Richison, S.R. (1971). A longitudinal analysis of the vocal maturation patterns of individual adolescents through duration periods of eight and nine years. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Florida State University.

Rutkowski, J. (1985). Final results of a longitudinal study investigating the validity of Cooksey’s theory for training the adolescent male voice. Pennsylvania Music Educators Association Bulletin of Research in Music Education, 16, 3-10.

Rutkowski, J. (1984). Two-year results of a longitudinal study investigating the validity of Cooksey’s theory for training the adolescent voice. In E.M. Runfola (Ed.), Proceedings: Research Symposium on the Male Adolescent Voice (p p. 86-97). Buffalo, NY: State University of New York at Buffalo Press.

Smart, M.S., Smart, R.C., & Smart, L.S. (1978). Adolescents: Development and Relationships. New York: MacMillan.

Tanner, J.M. (1962). Growth at Adolescence. Oxford, United Kingdom: Blackwell Scientific Publishers.

Tanner, J.M. (1969). Age at onset of puberty and trend toward earlier development. In L.I. Gardiner (Ed.), Endocrine and Genetic Diseases of Childhood (pp. 51-55). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders.

Tanner, J.M. (1972). Sequence, tempo, and individual variation in growth and development of boys and girls aged twelve to sixteen. In J. Kagan, & R. Coles, (Eds.), Twelve to Sixteen: Early Adolescence. New York: W.W. Norton.

Tanner, J.M. (1981). A History of the Study of Human Growth. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.

Thurman, L., & Klitzke, C.A. (1994). Voice education and health care for young voices. In M.S. Benninger, B.H. Jacobson, A.F. Johnson (Eds.), Vocal Arts Medicine: The Care and Prevention of Professional Voice Disorders (pp. 226-268). New York: Thieme Medical Publishers.]

Tosi, O., Postan, D., & Bianculli, C. (1976). Longitudinal study of children’s voice at puberty. Proceedings: XVIth International Congress of Logopedics and Phoniatrics, pp. 486-490.

Weiss, D.A. (1950). The pubertal change of the human voice. Folia Phoniatrica, 2(3), 26-159.

Wiseman, R., Cooksey, J., & Beckett, R. (1983a). The utilization of physiological criteria in the prediction and measurement of voice change stages. Unpublished manuscript, California State University at Fullerton. Wiseman, R., Cooksey, J., & Beckett, R. (1983b). The utilization of acoustical criteria in the prediction and measurement of voice change stages. Unpublished manuscript, California State University at Fullerton.

Yanagihara, N. (1967). Significance of harmonic changes and noise components in hoarseness. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 10, 531-541.

Adult Aging And Voices

Albert, M.S., & Moss, M.B. (1996). Neuropsychology of aging: Findings in humans and monkeys. In E. Schneider & J.W. Rowe (Eds.), The Handbook of the Biology of Aging (4th Ed.). San Diego: Academic Press.

Anderson, J.W., & Gustafsson, N.J. (1986). Type II diabetes: Current nutrition management concepts. Geriatrics, 41, 28-38.

Andres, R., Elahi, D., Tobin, J.D., Muller, D.C., & Brant, L. (1985). Impact of age on weight goals. Annals of Internal Medicine, 103, 1030-1033.

Bäckman, L., Mäntylä, T., & Herlitz, A. (1990). The optimization of episodic remembering in old age. In P.B. Baltes, & M.M. Baltes (Eds.), Successful Aging: Perspectives from the Behavioral Sciences. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.

Baltes, P.B., & Baltes, M.M. (Eds.) (1990). Successful Aging: Perspectives from the Behavioral Sciences. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.

Beasley, D.S., & Davis, A. (1981). Aging and Communication Processes and Disorders. New York: Grune & Stratton.

Benjamin, H. (1949). Biologic versus chronologic age. Journal of Gerontology, 2, 217-227.

Blumenthal, J.A., Emery, C.F., Madden, D.J., Schneibolk, S.S., Walsh-Riddle, M.W., George, L.K., McKee, D.C., Higginbotham, M., Cobb, F.R., & Coleman, R.E. (1991). Long term effects of exercise on psychological functioning in older men and women. Journal of Gerontology, 46, 352-361.

Blumenthal, J.A., & Madden, D.J. (1988). Effects of aerobic exercise training, age, and physical fitness on memory-search performance. Psychology and Aging, 3, 280-285.

Bogen, J.D., Oleske, J.M., Lavenhar, M.A., et al. (1990). Effect of one year of supplementation with zinc and other micronutrients on cellular immunity in the elderly. American Journal of Nutrition, 9, 214-225.

Bortz, W.M. (1982). Disuse and aging. Journal of the American Medical Association, 248(10), 1203-1208.

Breslow, L., & Enstrom, J.E. (1980). Persistence of health habits and their relationship to mortality. Preventive Medicine, 9, 469-483.

Chandra, R.K. (1989). Nutritional regulation of the immunity and risk of infection in old age. Immunology, 67, 141-147.

Chandra, R.K. (Ed.) (1992). Nutrition and Immunology. St. John’s, Newfoundland, Canada: ARTS Biomedical.

Chandra, R.K. (1997). Graying of the immune system: Can nutrient supplements improve immunity in the elderly? Journal of the American Medical Association, 277,(17), 1398-1399.

Chodzko-Zajko, W.J., Ringel, R.L., & O’Connor, P.J. (1985). Cardiovascular and pulmonary performance and sensory deterioration in aging. Gerontologist, 25, 215.

Chodzko-Zajko, W.J., & Ringel, R.L. (1987). Physiological aspects of aging. Journal of Voice, 1(1), 18-26.

Clair, A.A. (1996). Therapeutic Uses of Music with Older Adults. St. Louis: MMB Music.

Dawson-Hughes, B., Jaques, P.F., & Shipp, C.N. (1987). Dietary calcium intake and bone loss from the spine in healthy postmenopausal women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 46, 68-87.

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Faulkner, J.A., & Brooks, S.V. (1995). Muscle fatigue in old animals: Unique aspects of fatigue in elderly humans. In S.C. Gandevia, R.M. Enoka, A.J. McComas, D.G. Stuart, & C.K. Thomas (Eds.), Fatigue: Neural and Muscular Mechanisms (pp. 471-480). New York: Plenum.

Fiatarone, M.A., Marks, E.C., Ryan, N.D., Meredith, C.N., Lipsitz, L.A., & Evans, W.J. (1990). High-intensity strength training in nonagenarians: Effect on skeletal muscle. Journal of the American Medical Association, 263, 3029-3024.

Fries, J.F., & Crapo, L.M. (1981). Vitality and Aging. San Francisco: Freeman.

Frontera, W.R., Meredith, C.M., O’Reilly, K.P., Knuttgen, H.G., & Evans, W.J. (1988). Strength conditioning in older men: Skeletal muscle hypertrophy and improved function. Journal of Applied Physiology, 64, 1038-1044.

Gordon, N.F., & Gibbons, N.J. (1990). The Cooper Clinis Cardiac Rehabilitation Program. New York: Simon & Schuster.

Gracco, C., & Kahane, J.C. (1989). Age-related changes in the vestibular folds of the human larynx: A histomorphometric study. Journal of Voice, 3(3), 204-212.

Habermann, G. (1972). Der alternde larynx: Funktronelle aspekte. HNO (Berlin), 20, 121-124 (cited in von Leden, H., & Alessi, D.M. (1994). The Aging Voice.)

Hazlett, D., & Ball, M.J. (1996). An acoustic analysis of the effects of aging on the trained singer’s voice. Logopedics, Phoniatrics, and Vocology, 21(2), 101-107.

Hinojosa, R., & Naunton, R.F. (1991). Presbycusis. In M.M. Paparella, D.A. Shumrick, J.L. Gluckman, & W.L. Meyerhoff (Eds.), Otolaryngology (Vol. II: Otology and Neuro-Otology, pp. 1629-1637). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders.

Hirano, M., Kurita, S. & Sakaguchi, S. (1989). Aging of the vibratory tissue of human vocal folds. Acta Laryngologica, 107, 428-433.

Hollien, H. (1987). Old voices: What do we really know about them? Journal of Voice, 1(1), 2-17.

Hull, R.H. (1995). Hearing in Aging. San Diego: Singular.

Kahane, J. (1983). Postnatal development and aging of the human larynx. Seminars in Speech and Language. 4, 189-203.

Kasser, T., & Ryan, R.M. (1999). The relation of psychological needs for autonomy and relatedness to health, vitality, well-being and mortality in a nursing home. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 29, 935-954.

Krolner, B., & Toft, B. (1983). Vertebral bone loss: An unheeded side effect of therapeutic bed rest. Clinical Science, 64, 537-540.

Larsson, L., Grimby, G., & Karlsson, J. (1979). Muscle strength and speed of movement in relation to age and muscle morphology. Journal of Applied Physiology, 46, 451-456.

Linville, S.E. (1996). The sound of senescence. Journal of Voice, 10(2), 190-200.

Linville, S.E., & Fisher, H. (1985). Acoustic characteristics of perceived versus actual vocal age in controlled phonation by adult females. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 78, 40-48.

Lubinski, R., & Higginbotham, D.J. (Eds.) (1997). Communication Technologies for the Elderly. San Diego: Singular.

Max, L., & Mueller, P.B. (1996). Speaking F0 and cepstral periodicity analysis of conversational speech in a 105-year-old woman: Variability of aging effects. Journal of Voice, 10(3), 245-251

Maxim, J., & Bryan, K. (1994). Language of the Elderly. San Diego: Singular.

Meredith, C.M., Frontera, W.R., Fisher, E.C., Hughes, V.A., Herland, J.C., Edwards, J., & Evans, W.J. (1989). Peripheral effects of endurance training in young and old subjects. Journal of Applied Physiology, 66, 2844-2849.

Meydani, S.N., Meydani, M., Blumberg, J.B., Leka, L.S., Siber, G., Loszewski, R., Thompson, C., Pedrosa, M.C., Diamond, R.D., & Stollar, B.D. (1997). Vitamin D supplementation and in vivo immune response in healthy elderly subjects. Journal of the American Medical Association, 277,(17), 1380-1386.

Michel, J.F., Coleman, R., Guinn, L., Bless, D., Timberlake, C., & Sataloff, R.T. (1987). Aging voice: Panel 2. Journal of Voice, 1(1), 62-67.

Molloy, D.W., Beerschoten, D.A., Borrie, M.J., Crilly, R.G., & Cape, R.D.T. (1988). Acute effects of exercise on neuropsychological function in elderly subjects. Journal of the American Geriatric Society, 36, 29-33.

Montagu, A. (1983). Growing Young. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Nelson, M.E., Meredith, C.N., Dawson-Hughes, B., & Evans, W.J. (1988). Hormone and bone mineral status in endurance-trained and sedentary postmenopausal women. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 66, 927-933.

Nelson, M.E., Fisher, E.C., & Evans, W.J. (1990). A one-year walking program and increased increased dietary calcium in postmenopausal women: Effects on bone. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 22 (supplement), 377.

Nodar, R.H. (1986). The effects of aging and loud music on hearing. Cleveland Clinic Quarterly, (Spring), 49-92.

Orlikoff, R. (1990). The relationship of age and cardiovascular health to certain acoustic characteristics of male voices. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 33, 450-457.

Overend, T.J., Cunningham, D.A., Paterson, D.H., & Smith, W.D. (1992). Physiological responses of young and elderly men to prolonged exercise at critical power. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 64, 187-193.

Phillips, P.A., et al., (1984). Reduced thirst after water deprivation in healthy elderly men. New England Journal of Medicine, 311, 753-759.

Phillips, S.K., Rook, K.M., Siddle, N.C., & Woledge, R.C. (1992). Muscle weakness in women occurs at an earlier age than in men, but strength is preserved by hormone replacement therapy. Clinical Science, 84, 95-98.

Rosen, S. Bergman, M., Plester, D., El-Mofty, A., & Satti, M.H. (1962). Presbycusis study of a relatively noise-free population in the Sudan. Annals of Otology, 71, 727.

Saltin, B., Blomquist, G., Mitchell, J.H., Johnson, R.L., Wildenthal, K., & Chapman, C.B. (1968). Response to submaximal and maximal exercise after bedrest and training. Circulation, 38, Supplement 7.

Sataloff, R.T., Spiegel, J.R. and Rosen, D.C. (1997). The effects of age on the voice. Professional Voice: The Science and Art of Clinical Care (2nd Ed., pp. 259-267). San Diego: Singular.

Saxon, K.G., & Schneider, C.M. (1995). Vocal Exercise Physiology. San Diego: Singular.

Schneider, E., & Rowe, J.W. (Eds.) (1996). The Handbook of the Biology of Aging (4th Ed.). San Diego: Academic Press.

Shepherd, R.J. (1995). Exercise prescription for the healthy aged. In J.S. Torg & R.J. Shephard (Eds.), Current Therapy in Sports Medicine (3rd Ed., pp. 558-565). St. Louis: Mosby.

Sodersten. M., & Lindestad, P. (1990). Glottal closure and perceived breathiness during phonation in normally speaking subjects. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 33, 601-611.

Spirduso, W.W. (1982). Physical fitness in relation to motor aging. In J.A. Mortimer, F.J. Pirozzolo, & G.J. Maletta, (Eds.), The Aging Motor System. New York: Praeger Publishers.

Streja, D., & Mymin, D. (1979). Moderate exercise and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Journal of the American Medical Association, 243, 2190-2192.

Titze, I.R. (1994). A few thoughts about longevity in singing. Journal of Singing, 50(5), 35-36.

Valliant, P.M., & Asu, M.E. (1986). Exercise and its effects on cognition and physiology in older adults. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 63, 955-961.

von Leden, H., & Alessi, D.M. (1994). The Aging Voice. In M.S. Benninger, B.H. Jacobson, A.F. Johnson (Eds.), Vocal Arts Medicine: The Care and Prevention of Professional Voice Disorders (pp. 269-280). New York: Thieme Medical Publishers.

Welch, G., & Thurman, L. (2000). Vitality, health, and vocal self-expression in older adults. In L. Thurman & G. Welch, Eds., Bodymind and Voice: Foundations of Voice Education (Rev. Ed., Vol. 3, Bk. IV, pp. 745-757). Denver, CO: National Center for Voice and Speech. [www.ncvs.org, click on “Library”, then “Publications”]

Willott, J.F. (1991). Aging and the Auditory System: Anatomy, Physiology, and Psychophysics. San Diego: Singular.

Xue, A., & Mueller, P.B. (1997). Acoustic and perceptual characteristics of the voices of sedentary and physically active elderly speakers. Logopedics Phoniatrics Vocology, 22(2), 51-60.

III. Auditory Abilities

Hearing and Listening

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Bellis, T.J. (1996a). Management of auditory processing disorders. In T.J. Bellis, Assessment and Management of Central Auditory Processing Disorders in the Educational Setting. San Diego: Singular.

Bellis, T.J. (1996b). Considerations in central auditory processing service delivery. In T.J. Bellis, Assessment and Management of Central Auditory Processing Disorders in the Educational Setting. San Diego: Singular.

Bellis, T.J. (1996c). Assessment and Management of Central Auditory Processing Disorders in the Educational Setting. San Diego: Singular.

Benninger, M.S. (1994). Medical disorders in the vocal artist. In M.S. Benninger, B.H. Jacobson, A.F. Johnson (Eds.), Vocal Arts Medicine: The Care and Prevention of Professional Voice Disorders (pp. 177-215). New York: Thieme Medical Publishers.

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Chasin, M. (1996). Musicians and the Prevention of Hearing Loss. San Diego: Singular.

Chasin, M. (1999). Musicians and the prevention of hearing loss: The A, Bb, C#’s. The Hearing Review, 6(2), 10, 12, 16.

Chasin, M., & Chong, J. (1992). A clinically efficient hearing protection program for musicians. Medical Problems of Performing Artists, 7, 42.

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Cooper, J.C., & Meyerhoff, W.L. (1991). Functional hearing loss. In Paparella, M.M., Shumrick, D.A., Gluckman, J.L., & Meyerhoff, W.L. (Eds.), Otolaryngology (Vol. II: Otology and Neuro-Otology, pp. 1161-11167). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders.

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Cutietta, R.A., Millin, J., & Royse, D. (1989). Noise-induced hearing loss among school band directors. Bulletin of the Council for Research in Music Education, No. 101, 41-49.

Dancer, A.L., Henderson, D.H., Salvi, R.J., & Hamernik, R.P. (Eds.) (1992). Noise-induced Hearing Loss. St. Louis, MO: Moseby-Year Book.

Daniel, T., & Laciak, J. (1982). Observations cliniques et experionces concernant l’etat de l’appareil cochleovestibulaire des sujets exposes au bruit durant la vie foetale. Revue de Laryngologie, 103, 313-318.

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Guthrie, O.W. (2000). Musician hearing profile. Audiology Today, 12(5), 16-18.

Hall, J.W., & Bulla, W.A. (1999). Assessment of music-induced auditory dysfunction. The Hearing Review, 6(2), 2022, 24, 27.

Hall, J.W., Grose, J.H., & Pillsbury, H.C. (1995). Long-term effects of chronic otitis media on binaural hearing in children. Archives of Otolaryngology, 121, 857-862.

Hall, J.W., & Santucci, M. (1995). Protecting the professional ear: Conservation strategies and devices. Hearing Journal, 48, 37-45.

Henoch, M.A., & Chesky, K. (2000). Sound exposure levels experienced by a college jazz band ensemble: comparison with OSHA risk criteria. Medical Problems of Performing Artists, 15(1), 17-22.

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Hinojosa, R., & Naunton, R.F. (1991). Presbycusis. In M.M. Paparella, D.A. Shumrick, J.L. Gluckman, & W.L. Meyerhoff (Eds.), Otolaryngology (Vol. II: Otology and Neuro-Otology, pp. 1629-1637). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders.

Hogikyan, N., Feakes, D., Thurman, L., & Grambsch, E. (2000). How vocal abilities can be limited by diseases and disorders of the auditory system. In L. Thurman & G. Welch, Eds., Bodymind and Voice: Foundations of Voice Education (Rev. Ed., Vol. 3, Bk. III, pp. 564-572). Denver, CO: National Center for Voice and Speech. [www.ncvs.org, click on “Library”, then “Publications”]

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Hughes, G.B., & Nordar, R.H. (1985). Physiology of hearing. In G.B. Hughes (Ed.), Textbook of Clinical Otology (pp. 71-77). New York: Thieme-Stratton.

Jackler, R.K., & Brackmann, D.E. (Eds.) (1994). Neurotology. St. Louis: Mosby-Year Book.

Klajman, S., Koldej, E., & Kowalska, A. (1982). Investigation of musical abilities in hearing-impaired and normal-hearing children. Folia Phoniatrica, 34, 229-233.

Kraus, N., McGee, T.J., Carrell, T.D., Zecker, S.G., Nicol, T.G., & Koch, D.B. (1996). Auditory neurophysiologic responses and discrimination deficits in children with learning problems. Science, 273, 971-973.

Lalande, N.M., Hetu, R., & Lambert, J. (1986). Is occupational noise exposure during pregnancy a high risk factor of damage to the auditory system of the fetus? American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 10, 427-435.

Leonard, L.B. (1997). Children with Specific Language Impairment. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Lockwood, A.H., Salvi, R.J., & Burkard, R.F. (2001). Tinnitus and the performer. Medical Problems of Performing Artists, 16(4), 133-135.

Mazziotta, J., Phelps, M., Carson, R., & Kuhl, D. (1982). Tomographic mapping of human cerebral metabolism: Auditory stimulation. Neurology, 32, 921-937.

Menser, M.A., & Forrest, S.M. (1974). Rubella: High risk incidence of defects in children considered normal at birth. Medical Journal of Australia, 1, 123-126.

Meyerhoff, W.L., & Cooper, J.C. (1991). Tinnitus. In M.M. Paparella, D.A. Shumrick, J.L. Gluckman, & W.L. Meyerhoff (Eds.), Otolaryngology (Vol. II: Otology and Neuro-Otology, pp. 1169-1179). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders.

Møller, A.R. (1994). Physiology of the ear and the auditory nervous system. In R.K. Jackler & D.E. Brackmann (Eds.), Neurotology (pp. 19-39). St. Louis: Mosby-Year Book.

Moore, J.K. (1994). The human brainstem auditory pathway. In R.K. Jackler & D.E. Brackmann (Eds.), Neurotology (pp. 3-18). St. Louis: Mosby-Year Book.

Newman, J. (1995). How breast milk protects newborns. Scientific American, 273(6), 76-79.

Nodar, R.H. (1986). The effects of aging and loud music on hearing. Cleveland Clinic Quarterly, 53, 49-52.

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). (1983). Occupational noise exposure: Hearing conservation amendment. Federal Register, 48(46), 9738-9783.

Paparella, M.M., & Jung, T.T.K., & Goycoolea, M.V. (1991). Otitis media with effusion. In M.M. Paparella, D.A. Shumrick, J.L. Gluckman, & W.L. Meyerhoff (Eds.), Otolaryngology (Vol. II: Otology and Neuro-Otology, pp. 1317-1342). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders.

Paparella, M.M., Morizono, T., Le, C.T., Mancini, F., Sipilä, P., Choo, Y.B., Linden, G., & Kim, C.S. (1984). Sensorineural hearing loss in otitis media. Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology, 93,(6), 623-629.

Paparella, M.M., & Schachern, P.A. (1991a). Sensorineural hearing loss in children–nongenetic. In M.M. Paparella, D.A. Shumrick, J.L. Gluckman, & W.L. Meyerhoff (Eds.), Otolaryngology (Vol. II: Otology and Neuro-Otology, pp. 1561-1578). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders.

Paparella, M.M., & Schachern, P.A. (1991b). Sensorineural hearing loss in children–genetic. In M.M. Paparella, D.A. Shumrick, J.L. Gluckman, & W.L. Meyerhoff (Eds.), Otolaryngology (Vol. II: Otology and Neuro-Otology, pp. 1579-1599). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders.

Roberts, J.E., Burchinal, M.R., Davis, B.P., Collier, A.M., & Henderson, F.W. (1991). Otitis media in early childhood and later language. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 34, 1158-1168.

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Schilder, A.G.M., Snik, A.F.M., Straatman, H., & van den Broek, P. (1994). The effect of otitis media with effusion at preschool age on some aspects of auditory perception at school age. Ear and Hearing, 15, 224-231.

Silva, P.A., Chalmers, D., & Stewart, I. (1986). Some audiological, psychological, and behavioral characteristics of children with bilateral otitis media with effusion: A longitudinal study. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 19, 165-169.

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IV. Prenate, Infant, and Early Childhood Development

General Capabilities-Abilities

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Brazelton, T.B., & Cramer, B. (1990). The Earliest Relationship: Parents, Infants, and the Drama of Early Attachment. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

Brazelton, T.B., Koslowski, B., & Main, M. (1974). The origins of reciprocity in mother-infant interaction. In M. Lewis & L.A. Rosenbloom (Eds.), The Effect of the Infant on Its Caregiver (pp. 178-196). New York: Wiley.

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DiPietro, J.A., Hodgson, D.M., Costigan, K.A., Hilton, S.C., & Johnson, T.R. (1996). Fetal neurobehavioral development. Child Development, 67(5), 2553-2567.

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Eichorn, D., & Verny, T.R. (1999). The biopsychosocial transactional model of development: The beginning of the formation of an emergent sense of self in the newborn. Journal of Prenatal and Perinatal Psychology and Health, 13(3-4), 223-234.

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Fedor-Freybergh, P.G. (1985). The biochemistry of bonding. Paper presented at the Second International Congress of the Pre and Perinatal Psychology Association of North America, San Diego.

Fedor-Freybergh, P.G. & Vogel, M.L.V. (Eds.), (1988). Prenatal and Perinatal Psychology and Medicine: Encounter with the Unborn. Park Ridge, NJ: Parthenon Publishing.

Field, T. (1995). Massage therapy for infants and children. Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 16(2), 105-111.

Field, T., Healy, B., Goldstein, S., & Guthertz, M. (1990). Behavior-state matching and synchrony in mother-infant interactions of non-depressed and depressed dyads. Developmental Psychology, 26, 7-14.

Field, T., Healy, B., Goldstein, S., Perry, S., Bendall, D., Schanberg, S., Zimmerman, E., & Kuhn, C. (1988). Infants of depressed mothers show “depressed” behavior even with nondepressed adults. Child Development, 59, 1569-1579.

Field, T., Sandberg, D., Garcia, R., Vega-Lahr, N., Goldstein, S., & Guy, L. (1985). Prenatal problems, postpartum depression, and early mother-infant interactions. Developmental Psychology, 21, 1152-1156.

Field, T.M., Scafidi, F., & Schanberg, S.M. (1987). Massage of preterm newborns to improve growth and development. Pediatric Nursing, 13, 385-387.

Field, T.M., Schanberg, S.M., Davalos, M., & Malphurs, J. (1996). Massage with oil has more positive effects on normal infants. Pre- and Perinatal Psychology Journal, 11(2), 75-80.

Field, T.M., Schanberg, S.M., Scafidi, F., Bauer, C.R., Vega-Lahr, N., Garcia, R., Nystrom, J., & Kuhn, C.M. (1986). Tactile/kinesthetic stimulation effects on preterm neonates. Pediatrics, 77(5), 654-658.

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Peters, A.J.M., Abrams, R.M., Gerhardt, K.J., & Burchfield, D.J. (1991). Vibration of the abdomen in non-pregnant sheep: Effect of dynamic force and surface area of vibrator. Journal of Low-Frequency Noise and Vibration, 10, 92-99.

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Polverini-Rey, R.A. (1992). Intrauterine musical learning: The soothing effect on newborns of a lullaby learned prenatally. Dissertation Abstracts, 9233740.

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Prizant, B.M., & Meyer, E.C.. (1993). Socioemotional aspects of language and social-communication disorders in young children and their families. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 2(3), 56-71.

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Pujol, R. (1993). Développement et plasticité du système auditif de l’enfant (Development and plasticity in the auditory system of the infant). Communiquer, 111, 13-16.

Pujol, R. & Sans, A. (1986). Synaptogenesis in the cochlear and vestibular receptors. In R.E. Aslin (Ed.), Advances in Neural and Behavioral Development (Vol. 2, pp. 1-18). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.

Pujol, R., Lavigne-Rebilliard, M., & Uziel, A. (1991). Development of the human cochlea. Acta Otolaryngologica, Stockholm, 482, 7-12.

Pujol, R., & Uziel, A. (1986). Auditory development: Peripheral aspects. In P.F. Timeras & E. Meisami (Eds.), Handbook of Human Biological Development. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.

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Querleu, D,, Renard, X,, & Crépin, G. (1981). Perception auditive et reactivite foetale aux stimulations sonores (Auditory perception and fetal reactivity to sound stimulations). Journal de Gynecologie Obstetrique et Biologie de la Reproduction, 10, 307-314.

Querleu, D., & Renard, X., & Versyp, F. (1981). Les perceptions auditives du foetus humain (Auditory perception of the human fetus). Medecine & Hygiène, 39, 2101-2110.

Querleu, D., Renard, X., Versyp, F., Paris-Delrue, L.P. & Crépin, G. (1988). Fetal hearing. European Journal of Obstetrics and Reproductive Biology, 29, 191-212.

Richards, D.S., Frentzen, B., Gerhardt, K.J., McCann, M.E., & Abrams, R.M. (1992). Sound levels in the human uterus. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 80, 86-190.

Ries, N. (1987). An analysis of the characteristics of infant-child singing expressions: Replication report. Canadian Journal of Research in Music Education, 29 (1), 5-20.

Rosenthal, M.K. (1982). Vocal dialogues in the neonatal period. Developmental Psychology, 18(1), 17-21.

Ross, E. (1980). The aprosodias: Functional-anatomical organization of the affective components of language in the right hemisphere. Archives of Neurology, 38, 561-569.

Ruben, R.J., & Rapin, I. (1980). Plasticity of the developing auditory system. Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology, 89, 303-311.

Saffran, J.R., Loman, M.M., & Robertson, R.R.W. (2001). Infant long-term memory for music. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences: Biological Foundations of Music, 930, 397-400.

Scibetta, J.J., Rosen, M.G., Hochberg, C.J., & Chick, L. (1971). Human fetal brain response to sound during labor. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 109, 82-85.

Shahidullah, S., & Hepper, P.G. (1993). The developmental origins of fetal responsiveness to an acoustic stimulus. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 11, 135-142.

Shahidullah, S., & Hepper, P.G. (1994). Frequency discrimination by the fetus. Early Human Development, 36, 13-26.

Shetler, D. (1989). The inquiry into prenatal musical experience: A report on the Eastman Project 1980-1987. Pre- and Peri-Natal Psychology Journal, 3(3), 171-189.

Smith, C.V., Satt, B., Phelan, J.P., & Paul, R.H. (1990). Intrauterine sound levels: Intrapartum assessment with an intrauterine microphone. American Journal of Perinatology, 7, 312-315.

Snowdon, C.T. (1997). Affiliative processes and vocal development. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences: The Integrative Neurobiology of Affiliation, 807, 340-351. [babbling is a social act in all primate species, including humans; caretakers of human infants approach and interact more with infants when they babble]

Spence, M.J. (1996). Young infants’ long-term auditory memory: Evidence for changes in preference as a function of delay. Developmental Psychobiology, 29(8), 685-695.

Spence, M.J., & DeCasper, A.J. (1987). Prenatal experience with low frequency maternal voice sounds influences neonatal perception of maternal voice samples. Infant Behavior and Development, 10, 133-142.

Staley, K., Iragui, V., & Spitz, M. (1990). The human fetal auditory evoked brainstem. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 77, 1-3.

Starr, A., Amlie, R.N., Martin, W.H., & Sanders, S. (1977). Development of auditory function in newborn infants revealed by auditory brainstem potentials. Pediatrics, 60, 831-839.

Szmeja, Z., Slomko, Z., Sikorski, K., & Sowinski, H. (1979). The risk of hearing impairment in children from mothers exposed to noise during pregnancy. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, 1, 221-229.

Takemoto, Y. (1964). Sleep induction by heartbeat rhythm. Folia Psychiatrica Japonica (suppl.), 7, 347-351.

Tallal, P., Miller, S.L., Bedi, G., Byma, G., Wang, X., Nagarajan, S.S., Schreiner, C., Jenkins, W.M., & Merzenich, M.M. (1996). Language comprehension in language-learning impaired children improved with acoustically modified speech. Science, 271, 81-84.

Tanaka, Y., & Arayama, T. (1969). Fetal responses to acoustic stimuli. Practical Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology, 31, 269-273.

Tarnowski, S.M. (1999). Musical play and young children. Music Educators Journal, 86(1), 26-29.

Thurman, L. (1988). Parental singing during pregnancy and infancy can assist in cultivating positive bonding and later development. In Fedor-Freybergh, P.G., & Vogel, M.L.V. (Eds.), Prenatal and Perinatal Psychology and Medicine: Encounter with the Unborn (pp. 273-282), Park Ridge, NJ: Parthenon Publishing.

Thurman, L., Chase, M., & Langness, A.P. (1987). Reaching the young child through music: Is pre-natal and infant music education possible? International Music Education, 14, 21-28.

Thurman, L., & Grambsch, E. (2000). Foundations for human self-expression during prenate, infant, and early childhood development. In L. Thurman & G. Welch, Eds., Bodymind and Voice: Foundations of Voice Education (Rev. Ed., Vol. 3, Bk. IV, pp. 660-695). Denver, CO: National Center for Voice and Speech. [www.ncvs.org, click on “Library”, then “Publications”]

Thurman, L., & Klitzke, C. (2000). Highlights of physical growth and function of voices from prebirth to age 21. In L. Thurman & G. Welch, Eds., Bodymind and Voice: Foundations of Voice Education (Rev. Ed., Vol. 3, Bk. IV, pp. 696-703). Denver, CO: National Center for Voice and Speech. [www.ncvs.org, click on “Library”, then “Publications”]

Tomatis, A.A. (1987). Ontogenesis of the faculty of listening. In T.R. Verny, (Ed.), Pre- and Peri-Natal Psychology: An Introduction (pp. 23-35). New York: Human Sciences Press.

Trehub, S.E. (1990). The perception of musical patterns by human infants: The provision of similar patterns by their parents. In M.A. Berkley & W.C. Stebbins (Eds.), Comparative Perception: Basic Mechanisms (Vol. 1, pp. 429-459). New York: Wiley.

Trehub, S.E., Bull, D., & Thorpe, L.A. (1984). Infants’ perception of melodies: The role of melodic contour. Child Development, 55, 821-830.

Trehub, S.E., Endman, M., & Thorpe, L.A. (1990). Infants’ perception of timbre: Classification of complex tones by spectral structure. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 49, 300-313.

Trehub, S.E., & Schellenberg, E.G. (1995). Music: Its relevance to infants. In R. Vasta (Ed.), Annals of Child Development (Vol 11, pp. 1-24). East Sussex, United Kingdom: Kingsley.

Trehub, S.E., Schellenberg, E.G., & Hill, D. (1997). The origins of music perception and cognition: A developmental perspective. In I. Deliège & J. Sloboda (Eds.), Perception and Cognition of Music (pp. 103-128). East Sussex, United Kingdom: Psychology Press.

Trehub, S.E., & Trainor, L.J. (1993). Listening strategies in infancy: The roots of music and language development. In S. McAdams & E. Bigand (Eds.), Thinking in Sound: The Cognitive Psychology of Human Audition (pp. 278-327). London: Oxford University Press.

Trehub, S.E., & Trainor, L.J. (1998). Singing to infants: Lullabies and play songs. In C. Rovee-Collier & L. Lipsett (Eds.), Advances in Infancy Research (pp. 43-77). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.

Trehub, S.E., Unyk, A.M., & Henderson, J.L. (1998). Children’s songs to infant siblings: Parallels to speech. Journal of Child Language, 21, 735-744.

Trehub, S.E., Unyk, A.M., Kamanetsky, S.B., Hill, D., Trainor, L.J., Henderson, J.L., & Saraza, M. (1997). Mothers’ and fathers’ singing to infants. Developmental Psychology, 33, 500-507.

Trehub, S.F., Unyk, A.M., & Trainor, L.J. (1993). Adults identify infant-directed music across cultures. Infant Behavior and Development, 16, 193-211.

Trehub, S.E., Unyk, A.M., & Trainor, L.J. (1993). Maternal singing in cross-cultural perspective. Infant Behavior and Development, 16, 285-295.

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Turner, M.E. (1999). Child-centered learning and music programs. Music Educators Journal, 86(1), 30-33, 51.

Unyk, A.M., Trehub, S.E., Trainor, L.J., & Schellenberg, E.G. (1992). Lullabies and simplicity: A cross-cultural perspective. Psychology of Music, 20, 15-28.

Walker-Andrews, A.S. (1986). Intermodal perception of expressive behaviors: Relation of eye and voice? Developmental Psychology, 22, 373-377.

Webster, D. (1977). Neonatal sound deprivation affects brainstem auditory nuclei. Otolaryngology, 103, 392-396.

Weinberger, N.M., & McKenna, T.M. (1988). Sensitivity of single neurons in auditory cortex to contour: Toward a neurophysiology of music perception. Music Perception, 5, 355-390.

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Wilder, C.N. (1972). Respiratory Patterns in Infants: Birth to Eight Months of Age. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Columbia University.

Woodward, S.C. (1992). The Transmission of Music into the Human Uterus and the Response to Music of the Human Fetus and Neonate. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Cape Town, South Africa.

Yao, Q.W., Jakobsson, J., Nyman, M., Rabaeus, H., Till, O., & Westgren, M. (1990). Fetal responses to different intensity levels of vibroacoustic stimulations. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 75, 206-209.

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Yoshida, A., Horio, H., Makikawa, Y., Chiba, Y., Asada, M., Hasegawa, T., Minami, T., & Itoigawa, N. (1988). Developmental changes in neonates’ response to intra-uterine sounds. Abstracts of IX Biennial Meetings of the International Society or the Study of Behavioral Development, p. 303.

Zentner, M.R., & Kagan, J. (1996). Perception of music by infants. Nature, 383, 29.

Zimmer, E.Z., Divon, M.Y., Vilensky, A., Sarna, Z., Peretz, B.A., & Paldi, E. (1982). Maternal exposure to music and fetal activity. European Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, 13, 209-213.

V. The Enhancement and Constraint of the Self-Expressive Arts and of Human Health

 

The Neuropsychobiology of Instrument Playing and Singing

Altenmüller, E.O., Bangert, M.W., Liebert, G., & Gruhn, W. (2000). Mozart in us: How the brain processes music. Medical Problems of Performing Artists, 15(3), 99-106.

Clark, D.B., & Agras, W.S. (1991). The assessment and treatment of performance anxiety in musicians. American Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 598-605.

Cooper, C.L., Wills, G.I.D. (1989). Popular musicians under pressure. Psychology of Music, 17, 22-36.

Cox, W.J., & Kenardy, J. (1992). Performance anxiety, social phobia, and setting effects in instrumental music students. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 7, 49-60.

Craske, M.G., & Craig, K. (1984). Musical performance anxiety: The three systems model and self-efficacy theory. Behavioral Research and Therapy, 22, 267-280.

DeHorn, A.B. (1994). Performance anxiety. In M.S. Benninger, B.H. Jacobson, A.F. Johnson (Eds.), Vocal Arts Medicine: The Care and Prevention of Professional Voice Disorders (pp. 72-78). New York: Thieme Medical Publishers.

Dews, C.L.B., & Williams, M.S. (1989). Student musicians’ personality styles, stresses, and coping patterns. Psychology of Music, 17, 37-47.

Esplen, M.J., & Hodnett, E. (1999). A pilot study investigating student musicians’ experiences of guided imagery as a technique to manage performance anxiety. Medical Problems of Performing Artists, 14, 127-132.

Frost, R.O., Marten, P., Lahart, C., & Rosenblate, R. (1990). The dimensions of perfectionism. Cognitive Therapy Research, 14, 449-468.

Hamann, D.L. (1982). An assessment of anxiety in instrumental and vocal performances. Journal of Research in Music Education, 30, 77-90.

Kendrick, M.J., Craig, K.D., Lawson, D.M., & Davidson, P.O. (1982). Cognitive behavioral therapy for musical performance anxiety. Journal of Consulting Clinical Psychology, 50, 353-362.

Knight, S. (2000). Exploring a cultural myth: What adult non-singers may reveal about the nature of singing. In B.A. Roberts & A. Rose (Eds.), Proceedings of the International Symposium, Sharing the Voices: The Phenomenon of Singing 2 (pp. 144-154). St. John’s, Newfoundland, Canada: Memorial University of Newfoundland.

LeBlanc, A., Jin, Y.C., Obert, M., Siivola, C. (1997). Effect of audience on music performance anxiety. Journal of Research in Music Education, 45, 480-496.

Liston, M., Frost, A.A.M., & Mohr, P.B. (2003). The prediction of musical performance anxiety. Medical Problems of Performing Artists, 18(3), 120-125.

Miller, S.R., & Chesky, C. (2004). The multi-dimensional anxiety theory: An assessment of relationships between intensity abnd direction of cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety, and self-confidence over multiple performance requirements among college music majors. Medical Problems of Performing Artists, 19(1), 12-20.

Mor, S., Day, H.I., Flett, G.L., Hewitt, P.L. (1995). Perfectionism, control, and components of performance anxiety in professional artists. Cognitive Therapy Research, 19, 207-225.

Nagel, J.J. (2004). Performance anxiety theory and treatment: One size does not fit all. Medical Problems of Performing Artists, 19(1), 39-43.

Neiss, R. (1988). Reconceptualising arousal: Psychobiological states in motor performance. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 345-366.

Osterwold, P., & Avery, M. (1991). Psychiatric problems of performing artists. In R.T. Sataloff, A. Brandfonbrenner, & R. Lederman (Eds.), Textbook of Performing Arts Medicine (pp. 319-336). New York: Raven Press.

Pruett, K.D. (1991). Psychological aspects of the development of exceptionally young performers and prodigies. In R.T. Sataloff, A. Brandfonbrenner, & R. Lederman (Eds.), Textbook of Performing Arts Medicine (pp. 337-350). New York: Raven Press.

Reitman, A.D. (2001). The effects of music-assisted coping and systematic desensitization on music performance anxiety. Medical Problems of Performing Artists, 16, 115-125.

Ryan, C. (1998). Exploring musical performance anxiety in children. Medical Problems of Performing Artists, 13, 83-88.

Salmon, P.G. (1990). A psychological perspective on musical performance anxiety: A review of the literature. Medical Problems of Performing Artists, 5, 2-11.

Steptoe, A. (1989). Stress, coping, and stage fright in professinal musicians. Psychology of Music, 17, 3-11.

Steptoe, A., & Fidler, H. (1987). Stage fright in orchestral musicians: A study of cognitive and behavioral strategies in performance anxiety. British Journal of Psychiatry, 78, 241-249.

Sweeney, G.A., & Horan, J.J. (1982). Separate and combined effects of cue-controlled relaxation and cognitive restructuring in the treatment of musical performance anxiety. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 29, 486-497.

Thurman, L., & Klitzke, C. (2000). Neuropsychobiological interferences with vocal ability. In L. Thurman & G. Welch, Eds., Bodymind and Voice: Foundations of Voice Education (Rev. Ed., pp. 586-597). Denver, CO: National Center for Voice and Speech [www.ncvs.org, click on “Library”, then “Publications”].

Wesner, R.B., Noyes, R., & Davis, T.L. (1990). The occurrence of performance anxiety among musicians. Journal of Affective Disorders, 18, 177-185.

Relevant Psychoneuroimmunology

Acterberg, J. (1985). Imagery and Healing. Boston: Shambala.

Ader, R. (Ed.) (1981). Psychoneuroimmunology. New York: Academic Press.

Ader, R., Felten, D.L., & Cohen, N. (Eds.) (1991). Psychoneuroimmunology (2nd Ed.). New York: Academic Press.

Ader, R., Felten, D.L., & Cohen, N. (Eds.) (2000). Psychoneuroimmunology (3rd Ed.). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

Bason, B., & Celler, B. (1972). Control of heart rate by external stimuli. Nature, 4, 279-280.

Bennett, H. (1984). Can intra-operative conversation affect patients’ nervous systems? Human Aspects of Anesthesia, 2, 7.

Bennett, H. (1987). Perception and memory for events during adequate general anesthesia for surgical operations. In H. Pettinati (Ed.), Hypnosis and Memory. New York: Guilford.

Benson, H. (1983a). The relaxation response and norepinephrine: A new study illuminates mechanisms. Integrative Psychiatry, 1, 15-18.

Benson, H. (1983b). The relaxation response: Its subjective and objective historical precedents and physiology. Trends in Neuroscience, July, 281-284.

Blalock, J.E. (1989). A molecular basis for bidirectional communication between the immune and neuroendocrine system. Physiological Review, 69, 1.

Cacioppo, J., Berntson, G., Malarkey, W., Kiecolt-Glaser, J., Sheridan, J., Poehlman, K., Burleson, M., Ernst, ., Hawkley, L., & Glaser, R. (1998). Autonomic, neuroendocrine, and immune responses to psychological stress: The reactivity hypothesis. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 840, 664-673.

Chrousos, G.P., & Gold, P.W. (1992). The concepts of stress and stress system disorders: Overview of physical and behavioral homeostasis. Journal of the American Medical Association, 267(9), 1244-1252.

Coe, C.L., & Lubach, G.R. (2001). Social context and other psychological influences on the development of immunity. In C.D. Ryff & B.H. Singer, (Eds.), Emotion, Social Relationships, and Health (pp. 243-261). New York: Oxford University Press.

Cohen, S., Doyle, W.J., Skoner, D.P., Rabin, B.S., & Gwaltney, J.M. (1997). Social ties and susceptibility to the common cold. Journal of the American Medical Association, 277(24), 1940-1944.

Cohen, S., Tyrell, D.S., & Smith, A.P. (1991). Psychological stress in humans and susceptibility to the common cold. New England Journal of Medicine, 325, 606-612.

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